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took part in the revolts of 1520; the persons taking part were Comuneros.
concejo abierto Open council , the governing body of many towns and
villages in Spain.
conversos Term applied particularly to Christianised Jews.
corregidores Crown-appointed civil governors in main Castilian towns.
Cortes Political assemblies of the realms of Spain.
Diputación Standing committee of the Cortes, with members appointed
from each estate. In Barcelona the Diputación (in Catalan, Diputació) was
also called the Generalitat.
fueros Local laws and privileges, applied especially to the non-Castilian
parts of Spain.
hidalgo One having the status of nobility (hidalguía), but without
denoting rank.
juros Annuities paid out of state income for loans to the crown.
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Glossary
letrados University graduate in law, basis of the state bureaucracy.
limpieza de sangre Purity of blood , freedom from taint of Jewish blood.
mayorazgo Entail, settlement restricting the alienation of or succession
to a noble estate.
Mesta Castilian guild of sheep-owners.
pecheros Commoners, tax-payers.
regidor Town councillor.
servicios A service or grant of taxes made by the Castilian Cortes.
valido Chief minister or favourite in royal government.
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Introduction
[1] Richard Herr, American historical writing on early modern Spain ,
Society for Spanish and Portuguese Historical Studies Bulletin,
vol. XXVIII (2003) 1 2.
[2] Notably his masterpiece The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean
World in the Age of Philip II, 2 vols (London, 1972).
[3] The best-known study of Pierre Vilar, is La Catalogne dans l Espagne
moderne. Recherches sur les fondements économiques des structures
nationales, 3 vols (Paris, 1962). His brief Histoire de l Espagne (Paris,
1958), achieved wide circulation in Spain. For an assessment of his
influence on Spanish scholarship, see Roberto Fernández, ed.,
España en et siglo XVIII. Homenaje a Pierre Vilar (Barcelona, 1985),
with contributions from fifteen historians.
[4] Henry Kamen, Spain 1469 1714: a Society of Conflict, 3rd edn
(London, 2005).
[5] John Lynch, Spain 1516 1598. From Nation State to World Empire
(Oxford, 1991); and The Hispanic World in Crisis and Change
1598 1700 (Oxford, 1992).
[6] Stanley G. Payne, A History of Spain and Portugal, 2 vols (Madison
1973) (e-book).
[7] The textbook by J. H. Elliott, Imperial Spain (London, 1963), has
never been revised and is outdated.
[8] http://www.isu.edu/~owenjack/spemp/spemp.html
Absolute Monarchy in Spain
[9] There is no detailed study of absolutism in Spain, but the article
on Castile by I. A. A. Thompson, Absolutism in Castile , reprinted
in his essential volume Crown and Cortes. Government, Institutions
and Representation in Early Modern Castile (Aldershot, 1993), sorts out
confusions.
[10] The most recent survey of the reign is by John Edwards, The Spain
of the Catholic Monarchs 1474 1520 (Oxford, 2000). A useful earlier
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study is that by J. N. Hillgarth, The Spanish Kingdoms, 1250 1516,
2 vols (Oxford, 1978), vol. 2.
[11] The latest short biography of the queen is by Alfredo Alvar
Ezquerra, Isabel la Católica (Madrid, 2002).
[12] See the important and fundamental study by Teofilo Ruiz on
Unsacred monarchy. The kings of Castile in the late Middle Ages ,
reprinted in his The City and the Realm: Burgos and Castile 1080 1492
(Aldershot, 1992), chap. XIII.
[13] The care taken at their deaths could still be complex: see the
rituals for Philip II in Carlos M. Eire, From Madrid to Purgatory.
The Art and Craft of Dying in Sixteenth-Century Spain (Cambridge,
1995).
[14] Francisco Tomás y Valiente, Manual de Historia del Derecho Español
(Madrid, 1979), part iv.
[15] J. H. Elliott, A Europe of composite monarchies , Past and Present,
137 (Nov. 1992), 48 71, deals with the case of Spain. Prof. Conrad
Russell has identified the union between Scotland and England as
similar to that between Castile and Aragon.
[16] J. Vicens Vives, The administrative structure of the state in the six-
teenth and seventeenth centuries , in Henry J. Cohn, ed.,
Government in Reformation Europe 1520 1560 (London, 1971).
[17] José Antonio Maravall, Estado Moderno y Mentalidad Social, siglos XV
a XVII, 2 vols (Madrid, 1972); and his The origins of the modern
State , Journal of World History, VI (1961). For the eighteenth cen-
tury, see P. Molas, La historia social de la administración española.
Balance y perspectivas para el siglo XVIII , Cuadernos de
Investigación Histórica, 6 (1982) 151 68.
[18] José Antonio Escudero, Los secretarios de Estado y de Despacho,
1474 1724, 4 vols (Madrid, 1976). On the Council of State, see now
Feliciano Barrios, El Consejo de Estado de la monarquía española,
1521 1812 (Madrid, 1984).
[19] Richard L. Kagan, Students and Society in Early Modern Spain
(Baltimore, 1974) (e-book). Among recent studies of the higher
education system, see L. E. Rodríguez-San Pedro Bezares, La
Universidad Salmantina del Barroco, 1598 1625, 3 vols (Salamanca,
1986).
[20] Jean-Marc Pelorson, Les letrados : juristes castillans sous Philippe III
(Poitiers, 1980); I. A. A. Thompson, The rule of the law in
early modern Castile , European History Quarterly, 14 (1984);
also in [9].
[21] Janine Fayard, Les membres du Conseil de Castille à l époque moderne
(1621 1746) (Paris Geneva, 1979).
[22] Marvin Lunenfeld, Keepers of the City. The Corregidores of Isabella of
Castile (1474 1504) (Cambridge, 1987), is the latest study of the cor-
regidors. Benjamin González Alonso, El corregidor castellano
(1348 1808) (Madrid, 1970) gives a general survey, supplemented
by his Sobre et Estado y la Administración de la Corona de Castilla en et
Antiguo Régimen (Madrid, 1981).
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[23] Henry Kamen, Crisis and Change in Early Modern Spain (Aldershot,
1993), chapter on The establishment of intendants in early
Bourbon Spain .
[24] Hayward Keniston, Francisco de los Cobos, secretary of the emperor
Charles V (Pittsburgh, 1960). On Charles key adviser Gattinara, see
John M. Headley, The Emperor and his Chancellor (Cambridge, 1983).
[25] Gregorio Marañón, Antonio Pérez, Spanish Traitor (London, 1954).
[26] Francisco Tomás y Valiente, Los validos en la monarquía española del
siglo XVII (Madrid, 1963).
[27] Antonio Feros, Kingship and Favoritism in the Reign of Philip III
(Cambridge, 2000), is the most recent study of Lerma.
[28] Patrick Williams, Philip III and the restoration of Spanish govern-
ment, 1598 1603 , English Historical Review, 88 (1973).
[29] Geoffrey Parker in his Philip II (Boston, 1978; repr. Chicago, 2002)
holds the king directly responsible for all the problems of his reign.
He suggests that the portrait in my Philip of Spain (New Haven and
London, 1997) is of a king who could do no wrong , because I
share Braudel s view that Philip II was in some measure controlled
by events rather than a controller of events.
[30] J. H. Elliott, The Count Duke of Olivares (New Haven and London,
1986).
[31] R. A. Stradling, Philip IV and the Government of Spain, 1621 1665
(Cambridge, 1988).
[32] Jesús Lalinde Abadía, El sistema normativo navarro , Anuario de
Historia del Derecho Español, 40 (1970) 85 108.
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